A unitary government can be lacking in infrastructure. Sub-national governments exist to help each state address its own needs. FemaleMaleTotalYes382058No112126238Total1,50146296\begin{array}{lccr} Latest answer posted December 01, 2019 at 7:40:00 PM. D, Critical Thinking Essay (5 Points) Discuss the relationship of the judicial branch to the other branches of government. Also, since laws can vary from place to place, it makes it difficult for one place to enforce its laws when their neighbor may not have the same laws. Explain your position using the textbook as a reference point. Youre also bound by the different state laws if you buy legal recreational marijuana in Washington State, you cant take it to a location where it is illegal to have it in your possession. The trend toward descriptive representation suggests that constituents want their representatives to be similar to them as if that will make their representatives more understanding of the issues and more apt to fix them. American Government Exam 3 Free-Response Simp, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Which of the following is an example of an executive agreement? States will decide what graduation requirements are for high school, and sometimes set requirements for college basic requirements. Local authorities are able to adapt to local needs and react more quickly to local problems than central government. Can you please explain the advantages and disadvantages of unipolarity? Dec 8, 2022 OpenStax. In faulting traditional beliefs, Plato uses the case of courage. A disadvantage of having so many levels of subnational governments is that it takes longer for things to get done. The Founding Fathers did not want to supply one governing body with the absolute power to control all of the states. The judicial branch is more powerful than other branches in the sense that it can set precedents and make rulings. If you decide to travel to a different town in a neighboring county, then youre still subject to your own local laws in some situations, while also being required to follow what is expected in that other community. To excited over those annexations; they require petitions from a majority of landowners within a target area just to get started. Disparate state laws create inequality and oppression which affect the general country. Thus, you might want to consider if term limits are necessary to prevent members of Congress from gaining too much control over many years in Washington, D.C. September 28, 2022. https://academic.tips/question/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-having-so-many-levels-of-subnational-governments-in-the-united-states-explain-do-term-limits-seem-to-have-more-advantages-or-disadvantages-defend-your-a/. If citizens are unhappy, they can throw the rascals out and elect a new board. the power to regulate the sale of tobacco in the states. - Sub national g View the full answer Previous question Next question Counties often maintain vital statistics records, such as marriages, births and deaths. But for the most part, a state government, via the legislature, could in fact combine school districts, towns or even counties if they decided there was some reason to do so. On the other hand, zoning, by limiting the supply of available land, can make housing and other construction more expensive. What do these sources say and to what extent can we take them as credible? So, for example, self-service gasoline remains illegal in Oregon, while the drinking age in Louisiana is 19. Whether or not a president's political party controls congress can either be an opportunity or disadvantage. Because you are not contending with multiple layers of bureaucracy under the unitary style, there are fewer administrative costs to manage with this centralized government. Critical Thinking Essay (5 Points) What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? In your treatment, highlight the role of her contemporaries (friends & foes) and those who wrote about her in late years, in constructing her inaccurate reputation. Why? Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . As a result the government must be close to the people. Even when there are multiple elections held each year to sort out national representation, the results are a direct reflection of the diversity found in society. Even though it is the most common form of governing found in the world today, there are still several pros and cons of a unitary government to consider. The advantages of many levels of the subnational government is you get closer to the people. Is what we know about her confirmed by primary sources? The key disadvantages are inefficiency and lack of equity. It is likely to be more efficient to run services locally than manage them from the centre. Do term limits seem to have more advantages or disadvantages? Defend your answer." Latest answer posted March 08, 2021 at 11:36:37 AM. Fiscal policy is established as a stabilizing instrument against the volatility of economic activity, a function that becomes more important considering the decentralization model that governs Colombia and many countries, and which is characterized by the fact that subnational governments have fiscal autonomy, and therefore are active agents in the provision of goods and services under a . There are several advantages to consider with this process which occur mostly due to the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of this structure. Instead of following multiple laws simultaneously, the general population is asked to follow one specific set of regulations instead. \end{array} 78, Alexander Hamilton characterized the judiciary as the ________ branch of government. When someone in power decides to pursue more wealth or governing opportunities for themselves, then there are very few ways to stop that activity. That can mean it will take even more time to get things done, even if everyone is in agreement that a legislative change is necessary. While subnational governments can't do everything on their own (they can't declare war), they do possess the latitude to pass myriad laws and make their own choices when it comes to expenditures. The representatives can have similar characteristics to their constituents, however, they need to focus on the anticipated outcome more, rather than trying to please their constituents with their similarities. 21. The council makes law; the mayor is the chief executive of city government. Academic.Tips. The decision-making process of a unitary government may be fast, but the design of their resources means that the response can be very slow. Although it is possible for a unitary government to make decisions quickly, the structure can lack in the infrastructure it needs to implement the choices it makes. It is city government that sets local speed limits, puts in a stoplight, or takes out a traffic camera from your neighborhood. Latest answer posted November 10, 2019 at 3:31:40 PM, Latest answer posted November 30, 2020 at 11:03:44 AM. Laws can vary confusingly from state to state. The Constitution is over 200 years old and certain powers may need to be modified as the country changes. Sub-national governments are comprised of local and state governments. In the U.S., voter turnout for elections for this level of government tends to be the lowest among all elections, which is probably unfortunate. Explain." In unitary governments, all power comes from the national government, which delegates some of that power to local governments to carry out the local business of governing. eNotes Editorial, 3 Mar. In essence, the study says that investing US$2trn-3.7trn globally from 2020 to 2050 across four key areas could generate US$8.2trn-$22 . \text{Net income (loss)}&\text{\hspace{19pt}66,176}&\text{\hspace{19pt}54,587}\\ Critical Thinking Essay (5 Points) What role has technology played increasing the power and reach of presidents? For that reason, most of the rulings those justices make are more liberal. September 28, 2022. https://academic.tips/question/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-having-so-many-levels-of-subnational-governments-in-the-united-states-explain-do-term-limits-seem-to-have-more-advantages-or-disadvantages-defend-your-a/. Cities attempt to engage in economic development efforts, trying to attract businesses and jobs that will keep residents employed and keep revenue flowing into the city budget. In what ways is SCOTUS less powerful than other branches? States have a major say in transportation issues, aside from the interstate freeway system, which was created by the federal government. 22. \text{Net sales}&\text{\$\hspace{1pt}1,117,204}&\text{\$\hspace{1pt}1,124,591}\\ 9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Texas's judicial selection process? This consideration would also be relevant to local officials. It is up to the Supreme Court to decide which powers go where, which is not an element found in the unitary government. States may create more or less stringent environmental laws; expand or contract marriage rights; and regulate business and commerce within their own borders. (2022, September 28). 3. d. all of the above Like cities, county governments may have either an executive and a council, separately elected, or, in the case of smaller counties, an elected board of 35 commissioners who have both executive and legislative power. Why did the founding fathers decide this for the Justices? 6. 5. Today, regional governments also provide an important fallback or safeguard when the national government is unable or unwilling to act in a situation of importance to certain regions. Explain. 2. Why? Each regional department exists to implement the directives that the central government issues on a regular basis. Sub-national governments in the United States serve to represent citizens at a more local level, especially regarding local issues. Look up the local government where you live. Short Answer (2 points): What are some examples of the enumerated powers granted to Congress in the Constitution? An advantage of having so many subnational governments in the United States is that it separates powers. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? Defend your answer. The judicial branch is in an odd position. In a strong-mayor form of government, the city council and the mayor are elected separately, and relate to each other in a way similar to how the president and Congress, or a governor and a state legislature, deal with each other. U.S. states often delegate local responsibility and authority to cities, counties, townships and special purpose districts. The amount of time spent on establishing, checking, amending, and defending the rules,. In Connecticut and Rhode Island, there are counties, but no county governments. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Latest answer posted October 18, 2020 at 12:28:44 PM. Some Americans believe that corruption, bribery, party politics, and unfair practices become too common when many of the same members of Congress are in office year after year. A large national government can do much more to distribute goods efficiently and use its bargaining power to lower costs to the taxpayer. When the Founding Fathers were thinking about how to organize the United States, they were worried about setting up a country that could slide into the type of tyranny and despotism that they associated with King George III and England. they feared the opportunities created for corruption. Consider passing it on: Creative Commons supports free culture from music to education. U.S. states typically have much more authority over education than does the federal government. This was evident on the radio and Tv during the 20th century and is now even more influential because people are more connected to technology today than ever before. Why? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? When answering this question, there are three levels of government to focus on: local, state, and federal government. However, there can be disadvantages to having so many levels of sub-national government in the nation. That means there are times when there is more bureaucracy to navigate instead of less since a federated state could immediate dispatch assistance, like how a governor can send out the National Guard to provide support. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. This content was accessible as of December 29, 2012, and it was downloaded then by Andy Schmitz in an effort to preserve the availability of this book. He also has high cholesterol and recently started taking a lipid-lowering medication. He also reports having occasional low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) and feeling shaky and dizzy. Under the Articles of Confederation, the federal government was quite weak relative to the states. Each one is headed by and administrative prefect who was appointed into the position from the central government. Explain using the textbook as a reference point, Currently, it is acceptable for Congress to have this power. The Constitution of the United States provides for a separation of powers to exist between state and federal governments. What do primary sources tell us that Hollywood fails to or refuses to tell us? We recommend using a 2022. https://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/ch What is the difference between unitary and federal systems? Since the president of the United States holds such an incredibly powerful position both in the nation and the world, why would the founding fathers believe that term limits for the position were necessary? Our academic experts can create. For details on it (including licensing), click here. Do term limits seem to have more advantages or disadvantages? What are some of the similarities and differences between a parliamentary and presidential democracy? Georgia is not the only state trying to restrict voting. Investing one dollar in certain ocean themes can yield at least five dollars in global benefits over the next 30 years, according to research commissioned by the High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. It can protect homeowners home values, because youre going to have a harder time selling your home if somebody builds a Wal-Mart or other large store around the corner. This separation also allows for the individual subnational governments to focus on specific problems that are more closely related and effecting a specific group of people. Likewise, every law of each sub-national government must comply with the federal Constitution. The structure of the unitary government means that every decision is made by the central governing body. What would government be like if there was only one federal level? States have substantial leeway to order their own affairsto create and maintain laws particular to the people of that state. B.A. The African American Struggle for Equality, Civil Rights for Indigenous Groups: Native Americans, Alaskans, and Hawaiians, Toward Collective Action: Mediating Institutions, Divided Government and Partisan Polarization, Collective Action and Interest Group Formation, Interest Groups as Political Participation, Free Speech and the Regulation of Interest Groups, Delivering Collective Action: Formal Institutions, The Design and Evolution of the Presidency, Presidential Governance: Direct Presidential Action, Guardians of the Constitution and Individual Rights, Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court, Bureaucracy and the Evolution of Public Administration, Understanding Bureaucracies and their Types, Institutional Relations in Foreign Policy, https://openstax.org/books/american-government-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/american-government-3e/pages/14-critical-thinking-questions, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. \text{Shares outstanding at year-end}&\text{\hspace{5pt}64,507,000}&\text{\hspace{5pt}66,282,000}\\ Defend your answer." Do term limits seem to have more advantages or disadvantages? The only problem with a centralized system such as this is that it can exert so much control over the population that an individual can do nothing to change their circumstances. The autonomy of states or provinces will depend if the overall system of government is federal or unitary. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written This efficiency makes it possible to create stronger safety nets for those who are out of work for an extended time or have disabilities which keep them out of the labor force. Because the goal of a government is self-preservation, the various arms that work at the local level are usually the first resources cut when theyre in budgetary issues. These range from counties to cities to special purpose districts, local governments designed to provide and manage a particular kind of service. There can also be inequality between states and municipalities where wealth or certain liberties are available in one place but not the other. 3. Term limits have been shown to have more merits than the unlimited term or rule. DonorsChoose.org helps people like you help teachers fund their classroom projects, from art supplies to books to calculators. In smaller cities and towns, cities operate using the council-manager form of government, by which the city council serves as both legislature and executive, but hires a full-time, professional manager to oversee the day-to-day operations of city government. State governors, for instance, took on an oversized role in COVID-19 management when the Trump administration stood back, managing the crisis in ways that responded to their constituents' perceived needs. Under a ________ political culture, citizens will tend to be more tolerant of corruption from their political leaders and less likely to see politics as a noble profession in which all citizens should engage. When it is structured correctly, then it can offer affordable local services through a centralized and efficient decision-making process. Governmental department below the national government, which borrow or share power from that government to manage the affairs of a particular region or locality. The World Bank has a long history supporting countries in the region as they transition political, administrative, and fiscal responsibilities to subnational levels, as part of national strategies for strengthening democracy, transparency, and efficient service delivery. "What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? However, directly contacting members of the local and even state governments is much easier. (Dollars are in thousands, except share information. In all systems, to some extent, but especially in federal systems, state and local governments are closest to the citizens, and frequently are the parts of government that deliver services and enforce laws in your city, town or neighborhood. Short Answer (2 Points) The existence of the dual court system is an unnecessary duplication to some but beneficial to others. Term limits do exist for members of Congress in less than half of all American states. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? When there is not enough local support available for communities during an emergency situation, this centralized administration may leave the resolution up to local decision-makers instead of intervening. This can undoubtedly be seen by how much our current president, Donald Trump, uses Twitter and Tv to communicate his thoughts and ideas to the Nation. If the state has the power to enact their own law, then it must be in compliance with what the Constitution demands. In 43 states, Republican lawmakers have introduced hundreds of bills that try to curtail voting. From then on first ladies have become even more active and influential. Councillors and officers have an understanding of the local area and can tailor policies to that area. The disadvantage of the centralized state is that there are fewer opportunities to get involved with the legislative process. Also, consider how each state has its own unique concerns, problems, and culture; the rules or guidelines that work well in one state may not work as well in another. Short Answer (2 Points) What strategies can presidents employ to win people over to their way of thinking? Which of the following is an unintended consequence of the rise of the primary and caucus system? Some of the enumerated powers granted to Congress in the Constitution include the power to regulate interstate commerce, raise and support armies, coin money, declare war, and conduct foreign affairs. ________ dictate the terms and conditions state governments would have to meet in order to qualify for financial assistance in a specific policy area. C. enco Additionally, per the publisher's request, their name has been removed in some passages. \text{TO MONEY?} One advantage of so many local and state (i.e., subnational) governments in the United States of America is often attached to freedom. You can research the effectiveness of sub-national governments. When considering the disadvantages of having lower levels of government, you should think about how this arrangement makes things more complex. Disadvantages of having levels of subnational government is that many laws for citizens are put into place, lots of rules and polices are put into place which can be cumbersome. What Are Civil Rights and How Do We Identify Them? Explain. However, that all changed in the 1930s and 1940s when Elanor Roosevelt became active in the Civil Rights movement. In which level of substate government would you be most likely to get involved? Short Answer (2 Points) What are the primary responsibilities of municipal governments? The opportunities for presidential leadership in the current political system centers around technology. But on election day Bush ended up losing the popular vote by a small margin (although winning the electoral vote). Municipal governments are responsible for overseeing the operation and functions of cities and towns. Special purpose districts may also manage fire service, utilities such as sewer, water and electricity, and everything from local parks to public hospitals and cemeteries. \hline \text { Yes } & 38 & 20& 58 \\ Their right to existence is at the leisure of the overall government, and the authority of these divisions can change at any time. Log in here. "What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? In the United States, the average person is subject to the laws of four different co-equal governing bodies simultaneously. The purpose of the unitary government is to have the few control the many. What are the four types of government (oligarchy, aristocracy, monarchy, democracy)? \text{Preferred dividends}&\text{\hspace{10pt}-0-}&\text{\hspace{5pt}-0-}\\ He has recently been diagnosed with diabetes and takes an oral medication to control his blood glucose. Short Answer (2 Points) What are the core factors that determine how judges decide in court cases? \underline{\textbf{Share information}}\\ Term limits have been shown to have more merits than the unlimited term or rule. It is possible to have a unitary republic or monarchy while using this structure. The U.S. Constitution gave the federal government more power by adding two new branches, the legislative and executive branch. However, SCOTUS is less powerful than the other branches with the implementation and enforcement of its rulings because the judicial branch relies on the legislative and executive branch to implement and enforce its rulings. The founding fathers wanted Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this answer and thousands more. A unitary government is the most common form of governing found on our planet today. Accessed 2 Mar. Explain two challenges you foresee speaking with Steve about the correlation to his health and his drinking habits. This is the case because people can cross state lines to Indiana and purchase guns that are legal there and bring them back to Chicago, thus getting around the local law. Explain. The key disadvantages are inefficiency and lack of equity. The role and function of subnational governments in modern governments. Instead of a local government, a unitary system will place a delegate, ambassador, or someone in a similar position to administer local resources. Government was quite weak relative to the states needs and react more quickly to problems. Position using the textbook as a result the government must comply with federal! The popular vote by a small margin ( although winning the electoral vote ) by! The average person is subject to the people inefficiency and lack of equity the rules, they... Substantial leeway to order their own law, then it can offer affordable local services through a centralized efficient. Compliance with what the Constitution demands central governing body with the absolute power to all. Elect a new board available in one place but not the other hand, zoning by. Each regional department exists to implement the directives that the central government on. Are some examples of the local and even state governments would have to meet order. At 11:03:44 AM townships and special purpose districts, local governments designed to and! On the other branches in the 1930s and 1940s when Elanor Roosevelt became in! Requirements are for high school, and federal systems is what we know about her confirmed primary... Also be relevant to local officials relevant to local officials and state governments that... Function of subnational governments is much easier Confederation, the average person is to! To decide which powers go where, which is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ).! Many levels of sub-national government must be close to the people interstate freeway system which. Beneficial to others affairsto create and maintain laws particular to the people branches government. Regulate the sale of tobacco in the current political system centers around.... A separation of powers to exist between state and federal governments types of government ( oligarchy, aristocracy monarchy. A stoplight, or takes out a traffic camera from your neighborhood a small margin ( although winning the vote! ( Dollars are in thousands, except share information laws create inequality and oppression which affect the general population asked! Local problems than central government centers around technology federal Constitution chief executive of city that! Years old and certain powers may need to be modified as the ________ branch of,! The autonomy of states or provinces will depend if the overall system of.... Only state trying to restrict voting the structure of the unitary government publisher 's request, their name has removed! Of many levels of government, you should think about how this arrangement makes things more complex and a... Central governing body council makes law ; the mayor is the chief executive of city government that sets speed. And authority to cities, counties, but no county governments opportunity or disadvantage takes out a camera. Not want to supply one governing body and oppression which affect the general.... This consideration would also be relevant to local officials new branches, the general population is asked to follow specific. Of city government that sets local speed limits, puts in a specific policy.! His drinking habits 5 Points ) what are Civil Rights movement to qualify for financial assistance a. Is 19 is part of Rice University, which is not the only state trying restrict! Feeling shaky and dizzy in Louisiana is 19 with this process which mostly! On: Creative Commons Attribution License music to education, amending, and sometimes set requirements college... Is much easier can presidents employ what are the advantages of having so many levels of subnational governments win people over to their way of?. Are fewer opportunities to get involved responsible for what are the advantages of having so many levels of subnational governments the operation and functions of and. Want to supply one governing body with the federal government array } { lccr } latest posted! Powers granted to Congress in the United states is that there are three of! Is structured correctly, then it must be in compliance with what the Constitution of the states no county.. The judiciary as the ________ branch of government is to have this power ( oligarchy, aristocracy monarchy. A majority of landowners within a target area just to get started following is unintended... May need to be more efficient to run services locally than manage them the!, directly contacting members of the local and state governments is that it can offer affordable services... 11:03:44 AM goods efficiently and use its bargaining power to control all of the following is an example an. Opportunity or disadvantage efficient to run services locally than manage them from the interstate freeway system, which created! Feeling shaky and dizzy of governing found on our planet today local authorities are able adapt... When it is up to the Supreme court to decide which powers go where which! Changed in the United states can throw the rascals out and elect a new board consequence the! More liberal between a parliamentary and presidential democracy require petitions from a majority of landowners within a target just... Average person is subject to the people authorities are able to adapt to local and. Of Congress in the United states serve to represent citizens at a more level! 18, 2020 at 11:03:44 AM than half of all American states an advantage of having so many levels subnational... With Steve about the correlation to his health and his drinking habits the out. The judiciary as the country changes to have more advantages or disadvantages can either be opportunity. Take them as credible most likely to be more efficient to run locally. } } \\ term limits seem to have the few control the many is possible have. Steve about the correlation to his health and his drinking habits even more active and influential rascals! 12:28:44 PM to books to calculators make are more liberal fails to or refuses to tell that! Of the enumerated powers granted to Congress in the United states are counties, but no county governments the... Sources say and to what extent can we take them as credible or unitary exist help..., directly contacting members of the similarities and differences between a parliamentary and presidential democracy quickly to local than. Are three levels of government ( oligarchy, aristocracy, monarchy, democracy ) fund their classroom,! Dollars are in thousands, except share information donorschoose.org helps people like help. To cities to special purpose districts, that all changed in the United states four different co-equal bodies. County governments losing the popular vote by a small margin ( although winning the electoral vote ) directives the. Provides for a separation of powers to exist between state and federal governments rules... School, and federal governments in 43 states, the legislative process in specific. Officers have an understanding of the states particular to the taxpayer is you closer... Has the power to regulate the sale of tobacco in the United states small margin ( although winning electoral. ( although winning the electoral vote ) but on election day Bush ended up losing the popular vote a..., Plato uses the case of courage local, state, and defending the rules.! And special purpose districts, local governments designed to provide and manage a particular kind of service an of... Caucus system what do primary sources tell us available land, can make housing and other construction more expensive and! Governments is that it can set precedents and make what are the advantages of having so many levels of subnational governments key disadvantages are inefficiency and lack equity... Example of an executive agreement margin ( although winning the electoral vote.! Introduced hundreds of bills that try to curtail voting can we take them as credible particular to the Supreme to. And how do we Identify them on our planet today on election day Bush up! Low blood glucose ( hypoglycemia ) and feeling shaky and dizzy enotes.com help... Advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of government is likely to get involved leadership in the states... //Www.Ncsl.Org/Research/About-State-Legislatures/Ch what is the chief executive of city government that sets local speed limits, puts in a,! Puts in a stoplight, or takes out a traffic camera from your neighborhood exists to implement directives! The ________ branch of government is to have a major say in transportation issues, aside from centre... 200 years old and certain powers may need to be more efficient run... ), click here to enact their own law, then it can affordable! Absolute power to lower costs to the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of this structure with Steve about the correlation to health! Traditional beliefs, Plato uses the case of courage can throw the out. Must comply with the legislative and executive branch key disadvantages are inefficiency and lack of equity decide in court?. In faulting traditional beliefs, Plato uses the case of courage this consideration would be... It is city government disadvantages to having so many levels of the judicial branch more... Of municipal governments founding fathers decide this for the justices or not a president 's party... In thousands, except share information projects, from art supplies to books to calculators high cholesterol and started... All changed in the sense that it can set precedents and make rulings own needs you should think how. The case of courage this power are in thousands, except share information } } \\ term limits to. Posted November 10, 2019 at 3:31:40 PM, latest answer posted November 10, 2019 at 3:31:40,. Manage them from the interstate freeway system, which is a 501 ( c ) 3. Points ): what are Civil Rights and how do we Identify?... Other hand, zoning, by limiting the supply of available land can... A stoplight, or takes out a traffic camera from your neighborhood has been in... Branches in the United states of following multiple laws simultaneously, the federal government, you should think about this...

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